economy is by far the a largest economy in the world. Inequalities in income and criminal justice disproportionately affect Black and Hispanic communities, and the average Black household income has been roughly 60 percent of white household income since the 1960s. As in other multi-ethnic societies, racial discrimination has been a consistent problem in the United States, with its roots tracing back to the colonization of the Americas and transatlantic slavery. Consistent immigration has also resulted in an ethnically-diverse population. Fertility rates have remained below replacement level in recent years, however the population has continued to grow due to migration and rising life expectancy (although life expectancy did fall in the late 2010s as a result of unhealthy lifestyle choices). Among the few Black women who do break into these careers, discriminatory practices drive many out.With a total population of more than 330 million people, the United States is also the third most populous country in the world, behind India and China. Black women make up just 1% of the high-paying engineering workforce and 3% of computing. In addition to being overrepresented in low-paying occupations, Black women are underrepresented at the top. That’s why a livable minimum wage is crucial to all women (who make up two-thirds of tipped workers), and especially Black women. To make matters worse, there’s an even bigger pay gap in the service industry, where women make less per week than women working full-time across all occupations. Bureau of Labor Statistics shows that the percentage of Black women who are full-time minimum-wage workers is higher than that of any other racial group. Occupational segregationīlack women are more likely to work in lower-paying service occupations (like food service, domestic work and health care assistance) than any other industry and less likely to work in the higher-paying engineering and tech fields or managerial positions. Clearly, relying on education alone is not enough to close the pay gap for Black women. After graduation, the combined effect of the gender wage gap and the racial wealth gap make it harder for Black women to repay their loans, intensifying the strain on their economic security as they enter their careers. Moreover, Black women are far more likely to pay for school with federal student loans than white women (41% vs. AAUW research released in 2022 found that white women in New York City who attend college are much more likely to receive financial help from family than Black women who attend college, either in the form of a gift or a loan. While education is often thought of as a great equalizer, it does not shield women of color from the pay gap or the wealth gap. This disparity in wealth spans generations and perpetuates unequal pay and diminished opportunities, decreasing the amount of resources that Black families can devote to education and career advancement. Bill and ongoing institutionalized and systemic discrimination. The wealth gap that Black families experience can be traced to historic injustices such as slavery, segregation, redlining (the practice of differentiating areas of a city or town by race, often leading to the denial of necessary goods and services to people who live in those areas), unequal access to government programs like welfare and the G.I. Therefore, the typical Black household had 12.7% of the wealth of the typical white household, and they owned $165,000 less in wealth. In 2019, the median wealth of Black households in the United States (without defined-benefit pensions) was $24,100, compared with $189,100 for white households. Intersectional discrimination perpetuates the racial and gender wealth gaps, limits Black women’s access to educational opportunities, and impedes their career advancement. While sexism and racism are distinct forms of discrimination that manifest differently, their effects are compounded when a person experiences both at the same time. These factors are behind the gender pay gap that Black women encounter: Intersecting injusticeīlack women and girls live at the intersection of sexism and racism.
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